书画的起源久远，有着丰富的意思，书画是指绘画和书法，也可以理解为具有文化内涵的绘画。下面
字画鉴定评估人员来讲解下宋代书画做假方法及特点。
Calligraphy and painting have a long history and rich meanings. Calligraphy and painting refer to painting and calligraphy, which can also be understood as painting with cultural connotation. The following calligraphy and painting appraisers will explain the methods and characteristics of painting and calligraphy counterfeiting in the Song Dynasty.
1、勾填：纸上蜡，覆在真迹上，勾出轮廓，填上墨，其特点是有形无神。
1. Tick filling: paper is waxed, covered on the authentic work, the outline is drawn, and the ink is filled, which is characterized by being visible and lifeless.
2、临：对临，有原本对照，看一笔，画一笔。此法，神或许可体现些许，但不很面，易错位，不能一气呵成（一气呵成才有神韵）。凑出来的作品神韵不易体现，多半是没有成名的画家为生存而作。
2. Lin: Opposite Lin, there is an original contrast, see a stroke, draw a stroke. This method may reflect a little, but it is not very comprehensive, easy to misplace, and can not be achieved at one go. It is not easy to reflect the verve of the collected works, most of which are made by painters who have not become famous for their survival.
3、仿：无原本作依据，大致画出一个风格体现出原画七八成的画意。
3. Imitation: Without the original as the basis, roughly draw a style that reflects 70% or 80% of the original painting.
4、造：既无原本，也无画迹流传下来，凭空造画，毫无依据。如市场上有唐伯虎画的虎，其实唐伯虎没有画过虎。
4. Creation: There is neither original nor painting trace handed down, making paintings out of thin air without any basis. For example, there are tigers painted by Tong Pak Fu in the market, but Tang Pak Fu has never painted tigers.
5、改：改款将小名家的落款擦掉，落上大名家的款。
5. Change: The change will erase the signature of the small famous family and drop the signature of the big famous family.
6、揭二层：夹宣本书画是可以揭下来的，那么一张原作可以揭成两张，对下面模糊的一张再加工。
6. Uncover the second layer: The Jiaxuan calligraphy and painting can be uncovered, so one original can be uncovered into two pieces, and the obscure one below can be reprocessed.
7、代笔：过去知名书画家有时请朋友代笔，如宋徽宗有个画院，专请人为之代笔，他题名落款即可。
7. Ghostwriting: in the past, famous calligraphers and painters sometimes asked friends to ghostwrite. For example, there was a painting academy in Huizong of the Song Dynasty, and people were specially invited to ghostwrite for them.
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