了解作伪的手法，掌握辨伪的方法，懂得评价的基本原则，是从事书画鉴定者的基本功，辨伪能力的高低在很大程度上取决于这些基本功是否扎实。
Understanding the methods of faking, mastering the methods of distinguishing fakes, and understanding the basic principles of evaluation are the basic skills of those engaged in calligraphy and painting identification. The level of the ability to distinguish fakes largely depends on whether these basic skills are solid.
书画作伪的主要手法
The main means of faking calligraphy and painting
书画作伪已有多年的历史，历代作伪者的手法颇为繁复，不过归纳起来看，主要有以下数种，下面
山东收购名人字画人员就分别谈谈这些问题。
The forgery of calligraphy and painting has a history of many years, and the methods of the forgers of the past dynasties are quite complicated. However, in summary, there are mainly the following several kinds. The following are the issues that Shandong will discuss separately when purchasing celebrity calligraphy and painting personnel.
(1)完全做假
(1) Completely fake
这是指书画本身及名款、印章、题跋等全由作伪者自做的一种作伪方式。此类伪作又可分摹、临、仿、造四种形式。
This refers to a way of counterfeiting in which the calligraphy and painting itself, famous money, seals, inscriptions and postscripts are all made by the counterfeiters themselves. This kind of forgery can be divided into four forms: copy, copy, imitation and imitation.
“摹”是指依照原作影写摹拓。摹法书的方法大体有三种：其一，将较透明的纸蒙在真迹之上，以淡墨细线据映现的字迹勾出轮廓，然后取下，用墨填成；其二，将纸蒙在真迹上，不勾线而直接用笔摹写；其三，综合上述二法，即先勾淡墨线，然后用笔摹写，此法较廓填易见用笔。
"Copying" refers to copying and developing according to the original work. There are generally three ways to copy the calligraphic script: first, cover the transparent paper on the authentic handwriting, draw the outline with thin lines of light ink according to the reflected handwriting, then take it off and fill it with ink; Second, cover the paper on the authentic work, and directly copy it with a pen without marking the line; Third, combine the two methods above, that is, first draw the light ink line, and then use the pen to copy. This method is easier to fill in the outline and use the pen.
“临”是指对着原作临写。也有人先在稿本上勾摹出大致轮廓，然后将纸绢复其上，对着原作临写，此法可称“半摹半临”。
"Pro" means to write in front of the original. Some people first draw a rough outline on the manuscript, then copy the paper and silk on it, and then write it against the original work. This method can be called "half copy and half copy".
“仿”是指仿效某书画家的艺术风格和笔墨技法，进行“自由”写作。仿本一般无原作为蓝本，作伪者多凭自己的想象，或依据某些有关的旧闻和著录制成。有些虽有原作参照，但仅略取大意，并不照本临、摹，故也属仿制。
"Imitation" refers to imitating the artistic style and ink techniques of a calligrapher and painter to "write freely". Generally, there is no original copy as a blueprint. The counterfeiters are usually made by their own imagination or based on some relevant old news and records. Although some of them have reference to the original works, they only take the general idea and do not copy or copy the original works, so they are also imitations.
“造”指不管时代风格和个人风格，凭空臆造。所造对象多是作品罕传的历史名人或冷名书画家，意在无从对证，难辨真伪，易于欺人。此类伪作多半技巧不高，故较易识别。
"Making" refers to making out of nothing, regardless of the style of the times and personal style. The objects are mostly historical celebrities or cold-name calligraphers and painters whose works are rarely handed down. They are intended to be hard to verify, difficult to distinguish true from false, and easy to deceive. Most of these fakes are not highly skilled, so they are easier to identify.
(2)改、添款题
(2) Modification and addition questions
这是利用一些书画真迹进行改头换面的一种作伪方式。一般是将无款画改成有款画，小名家改成大名家，时代晚的改为时代早的。明清时此类伪作极多，其具体手法无奇不有，不胜枚举，但大体不外乎改、添、减数种。
This is a way of faking by using some authentic calligraphy and painting to make a new look. Generally, the paintings without money are changed into the paintings with money, the famous artists are changed into the famous ones, and the late ones are changed into the early ones. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, there were many such fakes, and the specific methods were numerous, but they were basically just changes, additions and subtractions.
“改”是常见的作伪手法之一，即通过刮、挖、擦、洗等方法除去近人或小名家书画作品上的名款、印章，改成古人或大名家的款印。
"Change" is one of the common means of forgery, that is, remove the famous money and seals on the paintings and calligraphies of close people or small celebrities by scraping, digging, wiping, washing and other methods, and change them into the money and seals of ancient people or famous celebrities.
“添”是将无款的书画作品添上名家的款印；或在后代的冷名画家名款前加添前代名称；或在末尾空白和空页处添上伪款印；或添上伪造的名家题跋等。其目的是为了把时代提前或抬高身价。此外还有加添笔墨、颜色以趋时尚的。
"Tian" is to add the signature of famous artists to the paintings and calligraphy works without money; Or add the name of the previous generation before the name of the famous painter of the later generation; Or add false seal at the blank and blank pages at the end; Or add forged postscript of famous scholars. Its purpose is to advance the era or raise the price. In addition, there are more ink and color to fashion.
“减”是指除去原作者的署款。有些冷名书画家的作品本幅上有另一大名家的题跋，于是作伪者便将原作者的款题印记一并割去，使人误以为题跋的名家即是原作者。有的还将“某某人题”的“题”字改成“画”或“作”字。
"Less" refers to the removal of the original author's signature. Some famous calligraphers and painters have inscriptions and postscripts of another famous artist on their works, so the counterfeiters cut off the original author's inscriptions and imprints together, making people mistakenly think that the famous writer is the original author. Some also changed the word "title" of "someone's title" to "painting" or "making".
上述作伪手法多会留下一定的破绽，如挖、刮、擦、洗必然会使纸绢产生伤痕；补上去的纸绢则气息较新，且有与原来纸绢不同的光、色；后添的款题不但笔法难与原作一致，而且墨、色也浮而不沉。尤其是原作者与伪托的名家在艺术风格上多不相符。
Most of the above counterfeiting techniques will leave certain flaws, such as digging, scraping, wiping and washing will inevitably cause scars on the paper and silk; The added paper silk has a new flavor, and has different light and color from the original paper silk; The added title is not only difficult to be consistent with the original, but also the ink and color are floating and not heavy. In particular, the original author is not consistent with the famous pseudotrust in artistic style.
(3)拆配、割裂
(3) Disassembly and splitting
这是指拆裂、截割古书画，将其挪移拼配，重新组合的一种作伪方式。运用此种移花接木之法，可使一件作品变成两件或三件，也可使残破的数件合成形式上较完整的一件。其具体手法颇多，或拆下真的题跋配上伪作的书画；或以伪作的题跋配上真的书画；或将残画上的完好款题移在它画之上；或将冷名书画家的真迹与名家的伪作拼凑成套；或移改残件，拼凑成幅等等。此类伪作常会在整件或整套作品的内在联系上露出破绽。
This refers to a way of faking by splitting and cutting ancient calligraphy and painting, moving, assembling and reassembling them. By using this method, one work can be turned into two or three pieces, and the broken pieces can also be combined into a more complete one in form. There are many specific techniques, or the real inscription and postscript are removed and the fake calligraphy and painting are added; Or fake inscriptions and postscripts with real paintings and calligraphy; Or move the intact title on the residual painting onto the other painting; Or put together the authentic works of famous calligraphers and painters and the fakes of famous artists; Or remove and change the broken parts, piece them together into pieces, etc. Such fakes often reveal flaws in the internal connection of the whole or the whole set of works.
(4)脱骨、二层
(4) Debone, two layers
绢本古画上的墨、色常常渗入衬纸，揭开后，在衬纸形迹上施加笔墨，便制成一件与原作形貌颇为相似的复制品，此法称为“脱骨”。明以来书画所用的“夹贡”宣纸由数层合成，将书画作品的背层揭下，依照渗下的墨、色添涂成形，此称“二层”。旧时常有人利用重新装核古书画的机会，采用上述方法作伪。
The ink and color on the ancient silk painting often seep into the backing paper. After uncovering it, apply pen and ink on the form of the backing paper to make a copy that is quite similar to the original shape. This method is called "debone". The "Jiagong" rice paper used in painting and calligraphy since the Ming Dynasty is composed of several layers. The back layer of the painting and calligraphy works is peeled off and formed according to the infiltrated ink and color. This is called "the second layer". In the old days, people often used the opportunity of reloading ancient calligraphy and painting to use the above-mentioned methods to fake.
In addition, there is a phenomenon of "ghostwriting" in the calligraphic and painting works of the past dynasties. The so-called ghostwriting refers to some calligraphers and painters and scholars who, because of their old age and infirmity, are trapped in social entertainment and other reasons, make other people, such as students, friends, staff, etc., make paintings and calligraphy on behalf of them, but leave them in their own name and stamp them. Come to our website for more relevant content http://www.jinandayatang.com Understand!
