写生
sketch
写生是画家深入生活、收集素材的主要途径，也是观察、了解物体结构及生态特征的主要手段。花鸟画的写生方式主要是白描。
Sketching is the main way for painters to go deep into life and collect materials. It is also the main means to observe and understand the structure and ecological characteristics of objects. The painting of flowers and birds is mainly line drawing.
1.写生的工具
1. Tools for sketching
写生前，应准备写生夹一个，自制或文具店出售的均可，大小以放得下4开纸为宜，再配以铁夹4只。还需准备H~3B五个型号的铅笔数支（或钢笔、绘图直线笔）、橡皮数块、美工刀一把、素描纸数张（裁成4开备用）、折叠小凳一只、速写本一本。如果条件允许，可备一架照相机，用来选取大场面或局部特写，亦可用来记录色彩。
Before writing, you should prepare a sketching clip, which can be self-made or sold in a stationery store. The size is appropriate to fit 4 pieces of paper, and then 4 iron clips. It is also necessary to prepare several pencils (or pens, drawing straight-line pens), rubber blocks, an art knife, several sheets of sketch paper (cut into 4 pieces for standby), a folding stool and a sketch book of five models of H ~ 3B. If conditions permit, a camera can be prepared to select large scenes or local close ups, and can also be used to record colors.
2.写生的方法
2. Sketch method
初学写生的人刚步入大自然，往往会被那些千姿百态、错综复杂的自然景物弄得眼花缭乱，从而产生一种兴奋感和把全部景物都描绘下来的欲望。如果这样照搬自然来写生，往往会吃力不讨好，画出来的写生稿对以后的创作没有多少参考价值。
People who are new to painting from nature are often dazzled by those diverse and intricate natural scenery, resulting in a sense of excitement and a desire to describe all the scenery. If you copy nature in this way, it will often be thankless. The sketch draft drawn has little reference value for future creation.
写生时，要选择入画的角度。写生前，要对所画对象进行、深入的观察，选择能体现对象美感、有利于表现对象结构变化和透视关系的角度来画
When sketching from life, we should first choose the angle of painting. Before writing, we should make a comprehensive and in-depth observation of the painted object, and choose an angle that can reflect the beauty of the object and is conducive to the structural change and perspective relationship of the object
其次，要精心地取舍。选取能体现对象结构特征和精神面貌的典型部分进行写生，舍弃那些不美的、重复的、多余的东西。
Secondly, we should choose carefully. Select the typical parts that can reflect the structural characteristics and mental outlook of the object for sketching, and abandon those ugly, repetitive and redundant things.
工笔写生主要是用线来画，不能像西画那样强调块面、色调和光影。要把看到的立体物象提炼成线，并把这些线准确地落到纸上。这对初学者来说可能有点儿困难，但宁可画得慢一些，也要画稳、画准。画得多了，自然会手眼相应，速度也就快了。
Meticulous sketching mainly uses lines to draw, and cannot emphasize block surface, tone and light and shadow like western painting. We should refine the three-dimensional images we see into lines, and accurately drop these lines onto the paper. This may be a little difficult for beginners, but they would rather draw slowly than steadily and accurately. If you draw more, your hands and eyes will naturally correspond, and the speed will be faster.
写生要以收集素材为主要目的，因此应尽量做到真实、准确。写生时，宜按与实物同等的比例作画，这样做易于比较，易于正确掌握各物象之间的比例关系。在画对象的姿态和整体时，还要用局部特写的方法做一些细节记录，如禽鸟的羽毛、爪、喙和花瓣、花萼、花蕊、一组叶子，以及叶子与枝干之间的结构关系等。这样可以节省写生的时间。
The main purpose of sketching is to collect materials, so it should be true and accurate as far as possible. When sketching, it is advisable to draw in the same proportion as the real object, which is easy to compare and correctly grasp the proportional relationship between various objects. When painting the posture and the whole of the object, we should also use the method of local close-up to record some details, such as the feathers, claws, beaks and petals, calyx, stamens, a group of leaves, and the structural relationship between leaves and branches. This can save time in sketching.
在一般情况下，工笔写生是白描稿，没有色彩，但可以用文字标注出各部位应用的色彩。当然，也可以直接用颜料做色彩记录。
In general, fine brushwork sketch is a line drawing draft without color, but the color applied to each part can be marked with text. Of course, you can also make color records directly with pigments.
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