名人字画知识解析传统花鸟画技法
Knowledge of Celebrity Painting and Calligraphy Analysis of Traditional Flower and Bird Painting Techniques
写生
sketch
写生是画家深化生活、搜集素材的次要途径，也是察看、理解物体构造及生态特征的次要手腕。花鸟画的写生方式次要是白描。
Sketching is not only a secondary way for painters to deepen their life and collect materials, but also a secondary means to observe and understand the structure and ecological characteristics of objects. Flowers and birds are painted in the form of sketch, followed by white sketch.
1.写生的工具
1. sketching tools
写生前，应预备写生夹一个，自制或文具店出售的均可，大小以放得下4开纸爲宜，再配以铁夹4只。还需预备H~3B五个型号的铅笔数支（或钢笔、绘图直线笔）、橡皮数块、美工刀一把、素描纸数张（裁成4开备用）、折叠小凳一只、速写本一本。假如条件允许，可备一架照相机，用来选取大局面或部分特写，亦可用来记载颜色。
Before sketching, one sketch clip should be prepared, which can be sold by self-made or stationery stores. The size of the clip should be 4 pieces of paper and 4 iron clips. We also need to prepare five models of H~3B pencils (or pens, drawing line pens), rubber blocks, a knife, sketch paper sheets (cut into four spare), folding stool, sketch book. If conditions permit, a camera can be provided to select the general situation or some close-ups, as well as to record colors.
2.写生的办法
2. way to sketch
初学写生的人刚步入大自然，往往会被那些千姿百态、扑朔迷离的自然景物弄得眼花纷乱，从而发生一种兴奋感和把全部景物都描画上去的愿望。假如这样照搬自然来写生，往往会费劲不讨好，画出来的写生稿对当前的创作没有多少参考价值。
The novice Sketcher has just stepped into nature and is often confused by the various and confusing natural scenery, which gives rise to a sense of excitement and a desire to depict all the scenery. If we imitate nature to sketch in this way, we will often take pains not to please. The sketches drawn have little reference value for the current creation.
写生时，要选择入画的角度。写生前，要对所画对象停止片面、深化的察看，选择能表现对象美感、有利于表现对象构造变化和透视关系的角度来画。
In sketching, first of all, we should choose the angle of painting. Before sketching, we should stop one-sided and deepened observation of the objects to be painted, and choose the angle that best expresses the aesthetic feeling of the objects and is most conducive to expressing the structural changes and perspective relations of the objects to be painted.
其次，要精心肠取舍。选取能表现对象构造特征和肉体相貌的典型局部停止写生，舍弃那些不美的、反复的、多余的东西。
Secondly, we should choose carefully. Select the typical parts that can express the object's structural characteristics and physical appearance to stop sketching, and discard the imperfect, repetitive and redundant things.
写意写生次要是用线来画，不能像西画那样强调块面、色彩和光影。要把看到的平面物象提炼成线，并把这些线精确地落到纸上。这对初学者来说能够有点儿困难，但宁可画得慢一些，也要画稳、画准。画得多了，自然会手眼相应，速度也就快了。
Freehand sketches are mainly painted by lines. They can not emphasize block surface, color and light and shadow as western paintings do. The planar objects we see should be refined into lines, and these lines should be precisely dropped on the paper. It can be a little difficult for beginners, but they would rather draw slowly and steadily and accurately. If you draw too much, you will naturally match your hands and eyes, and the speed will be faster.
写生要以搜集素材爲次要目的，因而应尽量做到真实、精确。写生时，宜按与实物同等的比例作画，这样做易于比拟，易于正确掌握各物象之间的比例关系。在画对象的姿势和全体时，还要用部分特写的办法做一些细节记载，如禽鸟的羽毛、爪、喙和花瓣、花萼、花蕊、一组叶子，以及叶子与枝干之间的构造关系等。这样可以节省写生的工夫。
Sketching should aim at collecting materials, so it should be true and accurate as far as possible. In sketching, it is advisable to draw in the same proportion as the real objects, which is easy to compare and to grasp the proportional relationship between the objects correctly. When drawing the posture and the whole body of the object, we also need to make some detailed records with some close-up methods, such as bird feathers, claws, beaks and petals, calyx, stamens, a group of leaves, and the structural relationship between leaves and branches. This saves time in sketching.
在普通状况下，写意写生是白描稿，没有颜色，但可以用文字标注出各部位使用的颜色。当然，也可以间接用颜料做颜色记载。
In general, freehand sketch is a white sketch without color, but it can be used to mark the color used in various parts. Of course, indirect color recording can also be done with pigments.
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