收买名人字画首要区分的三要素
Three key elements to buy celebrity calligraphy and painting
纸、帛的辨别字画是作于纸和帛之上的，帛的寿数一般百年左右，纸的寿数约在千年之内。当然，出土文物中的纸帛由于地下埋葬环境的不同，仍可能超越千年。例如绢帛在晋唐之前是单丝织成，直到宋代才发现双丝织成的绢帛，比元明时期的绢显得细密。由绢的质量类别能够判定字画时代。纸，也有时代痕迹。隋唐之前，纸以麻料作材料，显得纤维较租，纸张不够细洁;隋唐之后，树皮被用来造纸，其纸质比曾经精密;北宋中期后，造纸材料多样化，纸质也呈现多样化了。实际上，民间保藏的字画仅以明清今后时期多见，这是由于纸、绢自身难于历经数百年保存的缘故。再加上造伪者的混杂，所以有人以为古字画中适当部分是鱼目混珠。收买名人字画首要区分的三要素：
The distinction between paper and silk is made on paper and silk. The longevity of silk is about one hundred years, and that of paper is about one thousand years. Of course, the paper and silk in unearthed relics may still exceed thousands of years due to the different burial environments. For example, silk was woven from single silk before Jin and Tang Dynasties, and it was not until Song Dynasty that silk woven from double silk was found, which was finer than silk from Yuan and Ming Dynasties. The quality of silk can be used to determine the age of calligraphy and painting. Paper also has traces of times. Before the Sui and Tang Dynasties, paper was made of linen, which showed that the fibers were rented and the paper was not clean enough. After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, bark was used to make paper, and its paper quality was more precise than before. After the mid-Northern Song Dynasty, the paper materials were diversified and the paper quality was also diversified. In fact, folk preservation of calligraphy and paintings is only common in the future of Ming and Qing Dynasties, which is due to the difficulty of paper and silk itself after hundreds of years of preservation. Coupled with the mixture of counterfeit people, some people think that the appropriate part of the ancient painting is fish mixed with pearls. The three key elements to buy celebrity calligraphy and painting are:
1.装演辨别、
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各个时代装横有其特征。如元代宫殿藏画挑选专人装裱，大德四年“以古玉象牙为轴，以鸾鹊木锦碧天续为装核”。明代书画则在书画卷添加了引首，有的还被写上了字，立轴有宽边、窄边之分，有的还加了诗堂。清代宫殿书画的装核用料和技能方式都胜于明代，显得更为考究。
Every age has its own characteristics. For example, in the Yuan Dynasty, the palace paintings were mounted by special persons. In the four years of Dade, the ancient jade Ivory was used as the axis and the magpie wood, brocade and blue sky as the core. Ming Dynasty paintings and calligraphy in the scroll added a lead, some were also written on the characters, vertical axis has a wide edge, narrow edge, and some also added poetry hall. In Qing Dynasty, the materials and skills of palaces and paintings were better than those of Ming Dynasty.
2.印章辨别
2. seal discrimination
宋代字画著作许多不上印章，部分上盖铜印与玉印，印色有密印和水樱元代印章材料有木、象牙、铜、玉等，印色为油印和水樱元代自王冕始用石料印章。明代石料印章遍及，篆文刻法选用“锤头式”，运用大多是油樱清代印章形状、字体、字形均呈多样化，印色为油质。 画中人物衣服与日子用具的辨别 各个时代冠服往往不同，日子用具也有差别，能够据以辨别。
Many Song Dynasty calligraphy and painting works do not have seals. Some of them are covered with bronze and jade seals. The seal materials of Shuiying Yuan Dynasty are wood, ivory, copper and jade. The seals of Shuiying Yuan Dynasty are oil seals and stone seals of Shuiying Yuan Dynasty since Wang Mian. The stone seals of Ming Dynasty were widely used, and the seal inscriptions were hammerhead style. The shapes, fonts and fonts of the seal of Yaoyao Qing Dynasty were diversified, and the color of the seal was oily. The distinction between the clothes of the figures and the daily appliances in the paintings is often different in different times. The daily appliances are also different, so they can be distinguished.
3.题跋辨别
3. identification of postscript and postscript
题跋分三类：作者的题跋，一起代人的题跋，后人的题跋。题跋是为了添加字画的身价。可是，常见有真画配假题跋或假画配真题跋的，应细心辨别。特别是名家在假字画上题跋更简单使入迷.
There are three kinds of prefaces and postscript: the postscript and title of the author, the preface and postscript of a generation, and the postscript of later generations. The postscript is to add the price of calligraphy and painting. However, it should be carefully distinguished if there are genuine paintings with false postscript or fake paintings. Especially the famous masters' prefaces and postscript on fake calligraphy and paintings are more simple and fascinating.
现在的书法著作可分两种,一种是业界,是书法家的著作;一种是外行,并不是书法家,朴实也只能是书法爱好者罢了。
Now there are two kinds of calligraphy works, one is the work of the industry, professional calligraphers; the other is the layman, not professional calligraphers, simple can only be a calligraphy enthusiast.
For more details about the acquisition of celebrity paintings and calligraphy, please pay attention to the website of the Art Gallery of the Great Hall: http://www.jinandayatang.com, which has a lot of content for reference only.
